adhd

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is a common mental disorder that starts in childhood. people with the disorder often experience symptoms including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

the inability to sit still, focus on tasks, and refrain from impulsive behaviour can lead to harmful consequences that affect development, academic success, and interpersonal relationships.

there are three types of adhd: inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, and combined. people with inattentive adhd will have certain characteristics, including:
• the inability to pay close attention to work or school tasks leading to careless mistakes
• daydreaming, or seeming to be elsewhere when spoken to
• inability to follow instructions effectively
• starting projects but losing focus quickly, leading to incomplete tasks
• avoiding tasks that require them to sustain mental effort
• losing important things, such as their keys, wallet, eyeglasses, or cell phone
• forgets daily tasks, such as chores or other errands

the second type, hyperactive/impulsive, also comes with characteristics. they differ from those found in inattentive adhd, and can include:
• being unable to sit still
• fidgeting, tapping hands or feet, squirming when forced to sit for long periods
• climbing things or running around at inappropriate times
• unable to engage in play or leisure activities without being overly loud
• acting on-the-go at all times
• talking a lot and blurting out answers prior to a person being finished asking the question
• find waiting in lines and waiting their turn in other situations difficult
• taking over what other people are doing or engaging in intrusive behaviours of others

people with combined adhd will have a combination of the characteristics mentioned above.

there is no known cause as of now, but theories suggest that genetics contribute to the development of the disorder. other factors linked to adhd include exposure to toxins while in the womb, having a low birth weight or premature birth, and having a mother who experienced extreme stress while pregnant.

diagnosing adhd is done using a combination of approaches, the most notable being watching for symptoms over a period of time. by observing the symptoms, medical professionals are able to determine that a person has all or some of the adhd characteristics.

there are various treatments available for adhd, with the primary therapy being medication. the type of drug used will depend highly on a child’s personal experience with adhd symptoms, the type they have, and what they can tolerate drug-wise. psychostimulants, alpha agonists, and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are also used to treat adhd. behaviour therapy is also used in adhd treatment, specifically, parent-child interaction therapy (pcit).

research continues to study and establish the guidelines for adhd diagnosis and treatment, and newer drugs continue to be developed. more awareness surrounding the disorder also continues to improve access to care and care options for people living with adhd.