for international governance, the required ingredients are set by
codex alimentarius
, a food standards program under the world health organization (who) and the
food and agriculture organization of the united nations (fao)
. codex requires formulas to contain 1.8 to 3.0 g of protein, 4.4 to 6.0 g of fat, and 9.0 to 14.0 g of carbohydrates (specifically lactose or glucose) per 100 kcal — which is a typical infant-sized serving of formula.
similar recommendations are followed by the fda
.
cow’s milk-based formulas make up about 80 per cent of the formula sold, where the milk protein is treated by heating and other methods to make is more digestible. these formulas also have additional iron added, which is recommended by the
american academy of pediatrics
since some infants don’t have enough natural reserves of iron.
other considerations, according to the mayo clinic, are infant formulas enhanced with docosahexaenoic acid (dha) and arachidonic acid (ara), which are omega-3 fatty acids found in breast milk and certain foods like eggs and fish. some research has shown that including dha and ara in infant formula can help with infant brain development and eyesight.
and many infant formulas on the market now include pre- and probiotics to help promote healthy bacteria in the intestines. these additions mimic the immune benefits of breast milk, with early studies showing promise, the mayo clinic notes.
breast is still best, if possible
the
world health organization (who) recommends
exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, and continued breastfeeding for up to age two or beyond. but experts also agree that breastfeeding can be challenging and some parents may find that their baby needs more than nursing provides. using infant formula can help supplement their diet or be used exclusively to ensure best nutrition.