machado: there are a lot of reasons for missed cancer diagnoses, but not having access to screening should never be one of them

“f**k cancer” was how his partner of eight years signed off the tweet she wrote from his @cancer canuck account announcing his death.

he was known in the cancer community as cancer canuck — the guy who, after a stage iii colon cancer diagnosis in 2022 that soon became stage iv, took to social media to share his story and raise awareness of the disease. he also supported research, lived experience and peer support in his work as a patient partner with the queen’s cancer research institute’s patient engagement network, a patient advisor with the southeastern regional cancer program’s patient and family advisory council and a chat facilitator with young adult cancer canada (yacc) .

like many cancers, a family history can put you at risk — this was the case with jason, whose mom also passed away from colon cancer. diagnosed in 2012, she underwent chemotherapy, which was successful, only to find out in 2014 that not only was the cancer back, but back with a vengeance: in her abdomen, ovaries, lungs and bones. she died in 2016 .

obviously, jason knew the symptoms of colon cancer well — abdominal cramping, blood in stool, unexplained changes in bowel habits, to name just a few — and sought screening as soon as he began to experience them. at first, doctors said he had years of life left, and then suddenly not: the cancer had spread to his bones.

his death comes at a time when the rising rates of colon cancer in young people is in the news. dr. michael cecchini, a co-director of the colorectal program in the center for gastrointestinal cancers and a medical oncologist at yale cancer center told the new york times that early-onset colorectal cancers have been increasing by about two per cent each year since the mid-1990s. that makes colorectal cancer the top cause of cancer deaths in men under the age of 50 and the second-leading cause of cancer deaths in women under 50 in the united states. it’s a worrying trend that doctors are seeing around the world, including in canada. 

according to a research paper based on a symposium held by the colorectal cancer resource & action network (ccran) in 2021, canadians born after 1980 are two to two-and-a-half times more likely to be diagnosed with colon cancer before age 50 than previous generations of the same age. equally worrying is that, beyond a direct familial link — to colorectal cancer itself or a precancerous polyp — which cecchini says puts you at a higher risk, no one knows for sure what’s driving the increase.

of course, there are the usual suspects that are often linked to cancer, like diet, lifestyle and environmental factors. but these connections are vague. some studies show that early-onset colorectal cancers have  different mutations than those found in older adults. it’s a  lack of knowledge that makes early screening that much more important, especially when there are symptoms and regardless of age. and therein lies the rub: screening only works if you get it.

just this week, the ottawa citizen wrote about russell mcissaac, a 35-year-old who died of stage iv colon cancer after his symptoms — abdominal pain, cramping and blood in his stool — were dismissed by doctors as not serious because he was so young. ignoring signs of the cancer based on age means that people end up in their doctor’s office again with late-stage, more serious disease. and let’s be clear: there are a lot of reasons that diagnoses get missed, but not taking a patient’s symptoms seriously should never be one of them.

while the u.s. preventive services task force lowered the recommended age for colorectal cancer screening from 50 to 45 in 2021, the canadian task force on preventive health care’s guidelines for beginning screening remain stuck at age 50, despite clear indications that earlier testing would slow the growing tidal wave of colorectal cancer cases in younger people. it’s something ccran has been working hard to change.

there are a number of ways to be screened for colorectal cancer, according to cancer care ontario (cco) . the fecal immunochemical test (fit) is an at-home screening test for people at average risk of getting colorectal cancer. ordered for you by your doctor, it involves putting a sample of stool into a small container and mailing it to a lab in a self-addressed envelope. fit is now used instead of the older guaiac fecal occult blood test (gfobt). there is also a flexible sigmoidoscopy, in which a doctor uses a small, flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end to look inside the rectum and lower part of the colon, while a colonoscopy allows a doctor to look at the entire colon using a long, flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end. this procedure is pretty famous for the tortuous prep that’s required to completely clean out the colon to ensure a clear view — but as a colorectal cancer patient interviewed in the nyt piece said, ” … doing a one-day cleanse to prep for a colonoscopy is far better than having poop coming out of your stomach into a bag.”