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pandemic teens could benefit from later school start

poor sleep is linked to negative outcomes in youth, including a greater risk of obesity, diabetes and depression.

pandemic teens could benefit from later school start times
teenagers aren't getting enough sleep. (getty)
the return to in-person classrooms this fall may have the unintended consequence of depriving many canadian high school students of sleep.

prior to the covid-19 pandemic,  many teens were chronically sleep-deprived during the week , putting them at  greater risk of poor health  and  more sleepiness in the classroom .

the pandemic caused an upheaval in schooling, but introduced some flexibilities in scheduling that paradoxically  allowed some teens to catch up on their sleep .

could we capitalize on this disruption to make evidence-based changes in education to improve teens’ sleep? research suggests that doing so would help high school students have healthier and more productive years.

damaging effects of sleep deprivation

concern about the damaging impacts of sleep deprivation on teens is substantial, especially because teens are still developing.

in pre-pandemic times, international studies suggested only about  two-thirds of canadian adolescents were getting the eight to 10 hours of sleep on school nights  recommended for 12- to 18-year-olds, and there was a worse picture in many european countries and  the united states .

inadequate sleep is linked to a host of negative outcomes in youth, including greater risk  of obesitydiabetes  and  hypertension  as well as depression, suicidality and substance abuse. it’s also linked to  deficits in attention and memory skills .

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importantly, research points to a key role for sleep in academic performance: teens who have  irregular or poor quality sleep may have worse grades  and  be absent or late more often . chronic sleep deprivation may not only increase a young person’s risk for health challenges down the road but also may potentially affect their career opportunities and future earning potential.

ready to wake two hours after adults

sleep deprivation, recognized by the  public health agency of canada  and the  centers for disease control  as a significant concern for public health, is alarmingly common in teens.

contributing to teens’ vulnerability to sleep deprivation is a conflict between traditional school start times ( as early as 8 a.m. in some parts of canada ) and  normal developmental changes in the sleep cycle  that lead the average teen feeling ready to sleep and wake about two hours later than younger children and adults.

adding to this mix are other factors like  teens’ greater independence in choosing their bedtimes  and use of light-emitting screens, which, when used in the evening, can  disrupt nighttime sleep and delay the body’s internal clock .

sleep researcher mary carskadon has described this combination of biological, behavioural and social influences as a “ perfect storm ” that creates prime conditions for teens to accumulate a “sleep debt” during the school week. this makes many of them too sleepy to participate effectively in the classroom and leads to binge sleeping on the weekends.

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as a way of calming this storm, some school districts have experimented with later school start times. overall, these experiments have been largely successful, with  students reporting more nightly sleep  and  less sleepiness in the classroom  with later start times.

in view of this evidence, organizations such as the  american pediatric society  and the  american academy of sleep medicine  recommend that high schools not start class before 8:30 a.m.

other interventions like introducing sleep health education programs into the classroom have also shown  benefits for children  and somewhat  for teens . for example, one study of grade 12 students showed that short-term, classroom-based educational programming improved students’ knowledge of the role of sleep in health. these students also spent more time in bed on weeknights compared to students not receiving the programming. however, these benefits of participating in the program did not translate into changes that reduced students’ daytime sleepiness.

pandemic: more sleep, disrupted sleep

the conditions during covid-19 lockdown periods opened a unique window for observing teen sleep patterns when students no longer needed to commute to the classroom. several studies showed that  teens were sleeping more because they could sleep later into the mornings , and  felt more rested and alert during online schooling , suggesting that additional sleep helped them to engage in their studies.

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it’s important to note that  other studies reported more disrupted sleep in some teens , which may have been due in part to anxiety, depressed mood and fewer opportunities to get outside.

however, having the opportunity to rest a little later into the morning could allow teens to offset some effects of a disturbed night of sleep. taken together, what we’ve learned both about teens sleeping more and teens’ sleep being disrupted during the pandemic adds more evidence in favour of greater flexibility in school scheduling to improve teen sleep health.

pandemic schooling shifts

while some schools have planned schedules to accommodate things like physical distancing and class bubbles,  could this be an opportunity to test out delayed or flexible school start times ?

staggering school start times across the day, for example, could offer a double benefit of allowing later-rising students to begin their school day a little later and reducing the number of students in school at any one time, thereby promoting physical distancing and perhaps  better distribution of resources across the day .

school districts in some  other parts of the world  are undertaking this plan, and it will be exciting to see how scheduling changes play out.

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policy change is slow, however, so what can be done now to improve teens’ sleep health? adopting  sleep recommendations  can help put healthier sleep routines in place.

parents can’t go wrong with guiding teens through basics like turning off screens at least an hour before bedtime, encouraging regular periods of activity outside in daylight, limiting daytime caffeine intake (including energy drinks) — and trying to maintain a regular daily bedtime and wake-up time, even on weekends.

excellent bilingual resources are also available through campaigns such as  “sleep on it!”  (developed by the  canadian sleep and circadian network ), the  canadian sleep societyfondation sommeil  and  wake up narcolepsy canada .

this article is republished from the conversation under a creative commons license. read the original article.

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